PROJECT DETAILS
Client: Data4
Date: 2025-2026
Technology: CFD simulation
INTRODUCTION
In this project, we analyse the performance of the cooling system in two data centers with an IT power load of approximately 2 MW under various operating scenarios agreed with the client. To this end, we will use
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation models.
The main objective is to ensure that the temperature of the servers and the humidity in the room are maintained within the optimal operating ranges, preventing the formation of hot spots and air recirculation phenomena that could reduce the system’s efficiency.
The ventilation and cooling simulations were carried out by modelling the aisles with the enclosures specified in the room design. Furthermore, air infiltration between aisles, pressure drops across the ventilation grilles and the heat dissipated by the supply fans were adjusted to account for actual operating conditions. These parameters were kept constant across all analyses to allow for a meaningful comparison between the different scenarios studied.
CFD MODELS
Firstly, we generated the geometry required for the thermal analysis based on the plans and data for the interior equipment across the various proposed layouts. The geometric modelling approach efficiently resolved both the airflow and the temperature field by reducing the mesh size requirements in regions of low interest.
For this project,
ScStream thermal models were developed capable of reproducing the temperature field and air movement, as well as the humidity distribution and pressure drops within the system.
We then configured the CFD model with the supply and exhaust conditions defined in the design, taking into account the flow balance required by the cooling system. Furthermore, we selected a turbulence model capable of capturing the phenomena of interest to the study, with a mesh suitable for the objectives of the analysis.
STEADY-STATE STUDIES
Once the models have been defined, we can calculate the various case studies by numerically solving the equations that describe air movement and the temperature field for turbulent, incompressible flow. We first assess the convergence criteria by monitoring the residuals and the stability of the parameters under investigation, particularly the residuals and velocities. Once the models have finished running, we proceed to obtain results during the post-processing stage.
The aim of the steady-state cases was to verify that suitable thermal conditions were maintained across the various scenarios and possible rack configurations, to evaluate the air distribution, and to ensure compliance with the standards agreed with the client. To this end, we provided temperature and humidity maps across various representative planes, as well as pressure maps to assess potential leaks between aisles and flow lines.
TRANSITIONAL STUDY IN THE EVENT OF A POWER FAILURE
The final step in these studies is to verify the system’s response to an electrical failure that shuts down the cooling equipment. This begins from a steady-state condition, with the electrical failure modelled as a loss of cooling lasting for a period defined by the electrical configuration. When the emergency generators start up, the gradual restoration of cooling is modelled using a linear ramp in flow rate and cooling capacity. Finally, the evolution of the flow and its temperature is simulated until permissible temperatures are reached again, thereby calculating the room’s recovery time.
This study provides assurance regarding the design of cooling systems and their response to power failures, enabling the identification of critical areas and opportunities for improvement from the early stages of the project.
